Expressing Causation in English and Other Languages

Բովանդակություն

Introduction

CHAPTER1.

1.1 Expressing Causation in English and Other Languages

1.2. Ways of Describing Causation

1.3 Causality, Subjectivity and Cognitive Complexity of connectives and relations How can we account for the paradox of causal complexity?

1.4 Linguistic markers of causality and subjectivity

CHAPTER 2. Expressing Causation across Languages

2.1. Causality markers in English: observations from language use

2.2. Causality markers as categorization devices

2.3. Causality marking across levels of language structure

Conclusion

References

Գրականություն

    1. Ahn, W., Kim, N. S., Lassaline, M. E., & Dennis, M. (2000). Causal status as a determinant of feature centrality. Cognitive Psychology
    2. Ammon, M. S. H., & Slobin, D. (1979). A cross-linguistic study of the processing of causative sentences. Cognition
    3. Au, T. (1986). A verb is worth a thousand words: The causes and consequences of interpersonal events implicit in language. Journal of Memory and Language
    4. Baker, A. G., Murphy, R. A., & Vallée-Tourangeau, F. (1996). Associative and normative accounts of causal induction: Reacting to versus understanding a cause. In D. R. Schanks, K. J. Holyoak,  & D. L. Medin (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Vol. 34. Causal learning (pp.  1-46). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
    5. Baron, N. S. (1977). Language acquisition and historical change. New York: North-Holland.
    6. Bowerman, M. (1974). Learning the structure of causative verbs: A study in the relationship of cognitive, semantic, and syntactic development. Papers and Reports on Child Language Development
    7. Bowerman, M. (1982). Starting to talk worse: Clues to language acquisition from children’s late speech errors. In S. Strauss (Ed.), U-shaped behavior growth (pp. 101-105). New York: Academic Press.
    8. Bowerman, M. (1996). Argument structure and learnability: Is a solution in sight? In Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society . Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
    9. Clark, E. V., & Carpenter, K. L. (1989a). The notion of source in language acquisition. Language
    10. Clark, E. V., & Carpenter, K. L. (1989b). On children’s uses of from, by and within oblique noun phrases. Journal of Child Language
    11. Clark, H. H., & Clark, E. V. (1977). Psychology and language: An introduction to psycholinguistics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.
    12. Cheng, P. W. (1997). From covariation to causation: A causal power theory. Psychological Review
    13. Cheng, P. W., & Novick, L. R. (1991). Causes versus enabling conditions. Cognition, 40, 83-120.
    14. Cheng, P. W., & Novick, L. R. (1992). 
    15. Comrie, B. (1981). Language universals and linguistic typology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    16. Comrie, B. (1985). Causative verb formation and other verb-deriving morphology. In T. Shopen
    17. (Ed.), Language typology and syntactic description, Vol 3: Grammatical categories and the
    18. lexicon (pp. 309-348). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    19. Comrie, B., & Polinsky, M. (1993). Causatives and transitivity. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
    20. Cruse, D. A.(1972). A note on English causatives. Linguistic Inquiry
    21. Dancygier, B. & Sweetser, E. (2000). Constructions with if, since and because: Causality,
    22. epistemic stance, and clause order. In Couper-Kuhlen, E. & Kortmann, B. (eds), Cause,
    23. Condition, Concession, Contrast; Cognitive and Discourse Perspectives. Berlin/New York:
    24. Mouton de Gruyter.
    25. DeLancey, S. (1984). Notes on agentivity and causation. Studies in Language
    26. Dowty, D. R. (1979). Word meaning and Montague grammar. Dordrecht: Reidel.
    27. Fodor, J. A. (1970). Three reasons for not deriving "kill" from "cause to die". Linguistic Inquiry
    28. 429-438.
    29. Glymour, C. (2001). The mind’s arrows. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
    30. Goldberg, A. E. (1995). Constructions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    31. Goldvarg, E., & Johnson-Laird, P. (2001). Naive causality: A mental model theory of causal meaning and reasoning. Cognitive Science
    32. Gopnick, A., Glymour, C., Sobel, D., Shulz, L., Kushnir, T, & Danks, D. (2004). A theory of causal learning in children: Causal maps and Bayes nets. Psychological Review
    33. Jackendoff, R. (1990). Semantic structures. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
    34. Kao, S., & Wasserman, A. (1993). Assessment of an information integration account of contingency judgment with examination of subjective cell importance and method of information presentation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 
    35. Kemmer, S., & Verhagen, A. (1994). The grammar of causatives and the conceptual structure of  events. Cognitive Linguistics
    36. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to western thought. Basic Books: New York.
    37. Lagerwerf, L. (1998). Causal connectives have presuppositions: Effects on coherence and discourse structure. The Hague: Holland Academic Graphics.
    38. Levin, B. (1993). English verb classes and alternations: A preliminary investigation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    39. Levin, B., & Rappaport Hovav, M. (1994). A preliminary analysis of causative verbs in English. Lingua: International Review of General Linguistics
    40. Lober, K., & Shanks, D. R. (2000). Is causal induction based on causal power? Critique of Cheng (1997). Psychological Review
    41. Louwerse, M. M. (2001). An analytic and cognitive parameterization of coherence relations.Cognitive Linguistics
    42. Mackie, J. L. (1974). The cement of the universe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    43. Majid, A., Sanford, A. J. & Pickering, M. J. (2003). Do interpersonal verbs lead to focus on causes or consequences? Manuscript under review.
    44. Mandel, D. R., & Lehman, D. R. (1996). Counterfactual thinking and ascriptions of cause and preventability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
    45. Mandel, D. R., & Lehman, D. R. (1998). Integration of contingency information in judgments of cause, covariation, and probability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,
    46. Markman, A. B. & Wisniewski, E. J. (1997). Similar and different: The differentiation of basic-level categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
    47. Mc Koon, G., Greene, S.B., & Ratcliff, R. (1993). Discourse models, pronoun resolution, and the implicit causality of verbs. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 1040-1052.
    48. Miller, G. A., & Fellbaum, C. (1987). Semantic networks of English. Cognition, 41, 197-229.
    49. Murphy, G. L. (2002). The big book of concepts. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    50. Nedyalkov, V. P., & Silnitsky, G. G. (1973). The typology of morphological and lexical causatives. In F. Kiefer (Ed.), Trends in Soviet theoretical linguistics (pp. 1-32). Dordrecht: Reidel.
    51. Pander Maat, H., & Sanders, T. (2000). Domains of use or subjectivity? The distribution of three Dutch causal connectives explained. In E. Couper-Kuhlen & B. Kortmann (Eds.), Causecondition-concession-contrast: Cognitive and discourse perspectives. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
    52. Pinker, S. (1989). Learnability and cognition: The acquisition of argument structure. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
    53. Radford, A. (1988). Transformational grammar: A first course. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
    54. Rappaport Hovav, M., & Levin, B. (2001). An event structure account of English resultatives. Language
    55. Sanders, T., Spooren, W., & Noordman, L. (1992). Toward a taxonomy of coherence relations. Discourse Processes
    56. Shanks, D. R. (1989). Selectional processes in causality judgment. Memory and Cognition
    57. Shibatani, M. (1976). The grammar of causative constructions: A conspectus. In M. Shibatani (Ed.), Syntax and semantics, Vol 6: The grammar of causative constructions . New York: Academic Press.
    58. Smith, C. S. (1970). Jespersen's 'move and change' class and causative verbs in English. In M. A. Jazayery, E.C. Palomé, & W. Winter (Eds.), Linguistic and literary studies in honor of Archibald A. Hill. Vol. 2: Descriptive linguistics (pp. 101-109). The Hague: Mouton.
    59. Song, G., & Wolff, P. (2003). Linking perceptual properties to the linguistic expression of causation. In M. Achard & S. Kemmer (Eds.), Language, culture, and mind. CSLI Publications.
    60. Spellman, B. A., Price, C. M., & Logan, J. (2001). How two causes are different from one: The use of (un)conditional information in Simpson’s paradox. Memory & Cognition
    61. Sweetser, E. E. (1990). From etymology to pragmatics: Metaphorical and cultural aspects of semantic structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    62. Talmy, L. (1976). Semantic causative types. In M. Shibatani (Ed.), Syntax and semantics, Vol 6: The grammar of causative constructions New York: Academic Press.
    63. Talmy, L. (1988). Force dynamics in language and cognition. Cognitive Science, 
    64. Tenenbaum, J. B., & Griffiths, T. L. (2001). Structure learning in human causal induction. In T. Leen, T. Dietterich, and V. Tresp (Eds.), Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 15. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
    65. Van Valin, R. D., & LaPolla, R. J. (1997). Syntax: Structure, meaning and function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    66. Wasserman, E. A., Eleks, S. M., Chatlosh, D. L., & Baker, A. G. (1993). Rating causal relations: The role of probability in judgments of response-outcome contingency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 
    67. Wierzbicka, A. (1988). The semantics of grammar. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
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    70. Wolff, P., & Song, G. (2003). Models of causation and the semantics of causal verbs. Cognitive Psychology
    71. Wolff, P., Song, G., & Driscoll, D. (2002). Models of causation and causal verbs. In M. Andronis, C. Ball, H. Elston, & S. Neuval (Eds.), Papers from the 37 the Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society, Main Session, Vol.  Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society.
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    73. Yarlett, D. G., & Ramscar, M. J. A. (2002). Uncertainty in causal and counterfactual inference. In Proceedings of the 24thAnnual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    74. Ahn, W., Kim, N. S., Lassaline, M. E., & Dennis, M. (2000). Causal status as a determinant of feature centrality. Cognitive Psychology
    75. Ammon, M. S. H., & Slobin, D. (1979). A cross-linguistic study of the processing of causative sentences. Cognition
    76. Au, T. (1986). A verb is worth a thousand words: The causes and consequences of interpersonal events implicit in language. Journal of Memory and Language,
    77. Baker, A. G., Murphy, R. A., & Vallée-Tourangeau, F. (1996). Associative and normative accounts of causal induction: Reacting to versus understanding a cause. In D. R. Schanks, K. J. Holyoak,  & D. L. Medin (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Vol. 34. Causal learning (pp.  1-46). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
    78. Baron, N. S. (1977). Language acquisition and historical change. New York: North-Holland.
    79. Bowerman, M. (1974). Learning the structure of causative verbs: A study in the relationship of cognitive, semantic, and syntactic development. Papers and Reports on Child Language Development, 
    80. Bowerman, M. (1982). Starting to talk worse: Clues to language acquisition from children’s late speech errors. In S. Strauss (Ed.), U-shaped behavior growth (pp. 101-105). New York: Academic Press.
    81. Bowerman, M. (1996). Argument structure and learnability: Is a solution in sight? In Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society . Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
    82. Clark, E. V., & Carpenter, K. L. (1989a). The notion of source in language acquisition. 
    83. Clark, E. V., & Carpenter, K. L. (1989b). On children’s uses of from, by and within oblique noun phrases. 
    84. Clark, H. H., & Clark, E. V. (1977). Psychology and language: An introduction to psycholinguistics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.
    85. Cheng, P. W. (1997). From covariation to causation: A causal power theory. Psychological Review, 
    86. Cheng, P. W., & Novick, L. R. (1991). Causes versus enabling conditions. 
    87. Cheng, P. W., & Novick, L. R. (1992). Covariation in natural causal induction. Psychological Review,
    88. Comrie, B. (1981). Language universals and linguistic typology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    89. Comrie, B. (1985). Causative verb formation and other verb-deriving morphology. In T. Shopen
    90. (Ed.), Language typology and syntactic description, Vol 3: Grammatical categories and the
    91. lexicon . New York: Cambridge University Press.
    92. Comrie, B., & Polinsky, M. (1993). Causatives and transitivity. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
    93. Cruse, D. A.(1972). A note on English causatives. Linguistic Inquiry, 
    94. Dancygier, B. & Sweetser, E. (2000). Constructions with if, since and because: Causality,
    95. epistemic stance, and clause order. In Couper-Kuhlen, E. & Kortmann, B. (eds), Cause,
    96. Condition, Concession, Contrast; Cognitive and Discourse Perspectives. Berlin/New York:
    97. Mouton de Gruyter.
    98. DeLancey, S. (1984). Notes on agentivity and causation. Studies in Language, 
    99. Dowty, D. R. (1979). Word meaning and Montague grammar. Dordrecht: Reidel.
    100. Fodor, J. A. (1970). Three reasons for not deriving "kill" from "cause to die". Linguistic Inquiry, 1,
    101. 429-438.
    102. Glymour, C. (2001). The mind’s arrows. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
    103. Goldberg, A. E. (1995). Constructions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    104. Goldvarg, E., & Johnson-Laird, P. (2001). Naive causality: A mental model theory of causal meaning and reasoning. Cognitive Science, 25, 565-610.
    105. Gopnick, A., Glymour, C., Sobel, D., Shulz, L., Kushnir, T, & Danks, D. (2004). A theory of causal learning in children: Causal maps and Bayes nets. Psychological Review, 
    106. Jackendoff, R. (1990). Semantic structures. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
    107. Kao, S., & Wasserman, A. (1993). Assessment of an information integration account of contingency judgment with examination of subjective cell importance and method of information presentation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: 
    108. Kemmer, S., & Verhagen, A. (1994). The grammar of causatives and the conceptual structure of  events. 
    109. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to western thought. Basic Books: New York.
    110. Lagerwerf, L. (1998). Causal connectives have presuppositions: Effects on coherence and discourse structure. The Hague: Holland Academic Graphics.
    111. Levin, B. (1993). English verb classes and alternations: A preliminary investigation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    112. Levin, B., & Rappaport Hovav, M. (1994). A preliminary analysis of causative verbs in English. Lingua: 
    113. Lober, K., & Shanks, D. R. (2000). Is causal induction based on causal power? Critique of Cheng (1997). Psychological Review, 107, 195-212.
    114. Louwerse, M. M. (2001). An analytic and cognitive parameterization of coherence relations.
    115. Mackie, J. L. (1974). The cement of the universe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    116. Majid, A., Sanford, A. J. & Pickering, M. J. (2003). Do interpersonal verbs lead to focus on causes or consequences? Manuscript under review.
    117. Mandel, D. R., & Lehman, D. R. (1996). Counterfactual thinking and ascriptions of cause and preventability. 
    118. Mandel, D. R., & Lehman, D. R. (1998). Integration of contingency information in judgments of cause, covariation, and probability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: 
    119. Markman, A. B. & Wisniewski, E. J. (1997). Similar and different: The differentiation of basic-level categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: 
    120. Mc Koon, G., Greene, S.B., & Ratcliff, R. (1993). Discourse models, pronoun resolution, and the implicit causality of verbs. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 1040-1052.
    121. Miller, G. A., & Fellbaum, C. (1987). Semantic networks of English. 
    122. Murphy, G. L. (2002). The big book of concepts. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    123. Nedyalkov, V. P., & Silnitsky, G. G. (1973). The typology of morphological and lexical causatives. In F. Kiefer (Ed.), Trends in Soviet theoretical linguistics (pp. 1-32). Dordrecht: Reidel.
    124. Pander Maat, H., & Sanders, T. (2000). Domains of use or subjectivity? The distribution of three Dutch causal connectives explained. In E. Couper-Kuhlen & B. Kortmann (Eds.), Causecondition-concession-contrast: Cognitive and discourse perspectives. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
    125. Pinker, S. (1989). Learnability and cognition: The acquisition of argument structure. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
    126. Radford, A. (1988). Transformational grammar: A first course. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
    127. Rappaport Hovav, M., & Levin, B. (2001). An event structure account of English resultatives.
    128. Sanders, T., Spooren, W., & Noordman, L. (1992). Toward a taxonomy of coherence relations. 
    129. Shanks, D. R. (1989). Selectional processes in causality judgment. 
    130. Shibatani, M. (1976). The grammar of causative constructions: A conspectus. In M. Shibatani (Ed.), Syntax and semantics, Vol 6: The grammar of causative constructions (1-40). New York: Academic Press.
    131. Smith, C. S. (1970). Jespersen's 'move and change' class and causative verbs in English. In M. A. Jazayery, E.C. Palomé, & W. Winter (Eds.), Linguistic and literary studies in honor of Archibald A. Hill. Vol. 2: Descriptive linguistics . The Hague: Mouton.
    132. Song, G., & Wolff, P. (2003). Linking perceptual properties to the linguistic expression of causation. In M. Achard & S. Kemmer (Eds.), Language, culture, and mind. CSLI Publications.
    133. Spellman, B. A., Price, C. M., & Logan, J. (2001). How two causes are different from one: The use of (un)conditional information in Simpson’s paradox. 
    134. Sweetser, E. E. (1990). From etymology to pragmatics: Metaphorical and cultural aspects of semantic structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    135. Talmy, L. (1976). Semantic causative types. In M. Shibatani (Ed.), Syntax and semantics, Vol 6: The grammar of causative constructions (. New York: Academic Press.
    136. Talmy, L. (1988). Force dynamics in language and cognition. 
    137. Tenenbaum, J. B., & Griffiths, T. L. (2001). Structure learning in human causal induction. In T. Leen, T. Dietterich, and V. Tresp (Eds.), Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 15. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
    138. Van Valin, R. D., & LaPolla, R. J. (1997). Syntax: Structure, meaning and function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    139. Wasserman, E. A., Eleks, S. M., Chatlosh, D. L., & Baker, A. G. (1993). Rating causal relations: The role of probability in judgments of response-outcome contingency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18
    140. Wierzbicka, A. (1988). The semantics of grammar. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
    141. Wolff, P. 2003. Direct causation in the linguistic coding and individuation of causal events.
    142. Wolff, P., & Gentner, D. (1996). What language might tell us about the perception of cause. In Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society . Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    143. Wolff, P., & Song, G. (2003). Models of causation and the semantics of causal verbs. Cognitive Psychology, 47, 276-332.
    144. Wolff, P., Song, G., & Driscoll, D. (2002). Models of causation and causal verbs. In M. Andronis, C. Ball, H. Elston, & S. Neuval (Eds.), Papers from the 37 the Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society, Main Session, Vol. 1, (pp. 607-622). Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society.
    145. Wolff, P. & Zettergren, M (2002). A vector model of causal meaning. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    146. Yarlett, D. G., & Ramscar, M. J. A. (2002). Uncertainty in causal and counterfactual inference. In Proceedings of the 24thAnnual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.